It was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign led by the World Health Organization. It is an infectious (also known as ‘communicable’) disease meaning it can spread from one person or animal to another, either directly or indirectly. Maalin died of malaria on July 22, 2013 while working in the polio eradication campaign.Three-year-old Rahima Banu, who is the last known person to have had naturally acquired smallpox, or variola major, in the world, with her mother in Bangladesh. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen (UCPH) and the University of Cambridge have found proof that smallpox also existed in the Viking Age. Courtesy of WHO.Janet Parker was the last person to die of smallpox. Indigenous peoples there had no natural immunity. Edward Jenner (1749–1823). Smallpox has been eradicated since the 1980s. Named after the virus that causes smallpox (variola virus), variolation is the process by which material from smallpox sores (pustules) was given to people who had never had smallpox. It gets its name from the Latin word for "spotted," referring to the raised, pustular bumps that break out over the face and body of those affected. The earliest written description of a disease that clearly resembles smallpox appeared in China … Thereafter, variolation became a common practice in Great Britain and became known in other European countries. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. On October 12, 1977, he accompanied two smallpox patients in a vehicle from the hospital to the local smallpox office. Currently, there is no evidence of naturally occurring smallpox transmission anywhere in the world. Dr. Jenner took material from a cowpox sore on Nelmes’ hand and inoculated it into Phipps’ arm. Foster M.D., M.P.H.Vaccination became widely accepted and gradually replaced the practice of variolation. Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. The researchers found smallpox - caused by the variola virus - in 11 Viking-era burial sites in Britain, Denmark, Norway and Russia.

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history, with the disease probably emerging in human populations about 10,000 BC. Months later, Jenner exposed Phipps a number of times to variola virus, but Phipps never developed smallpox. This was done either by scratching the material into the arm or inhaling it through the nose. Austria and Belgium, both of which never made smallpox vaccination mandatory, still recorded large numbers of smallpox deaths from 1875 onwards whereas other European countries displayed had already driven down smallpox fatalities significantly by then.When comparing these charts on London smallpox deaths and British life expectancy we see that neither smallpox deaths or life expectancy dramatically deviated from their averages following the wider adoption of variolation in 1722.In addition to the mentioned studies, Riley (2001) was also reviewed.There are two types of variola viruses – variola major and variola minor – with the former type being a much more severe form.In May 1796, Jenner inoculated a boy with cowpox, and then a few months later with the smallpox virus. The earliest credible evidence of smallpox is found in the Egyptian mummies of people who died some 3,000 years ago. Her mother, who was providing care for her, developed smallpox on September 7, despite having been vaccinated on August 24. There has been found evidence of smallpox from individuals from the 17th century while written records suggest the disease is much older. “We have found … Rinderpest ‘only’ infected animals, predominantly cattle and buffalo, and was declared eradicated in 2011.He hypothesized that variolation using the cowpox virus would protect children against smallpox as well. They also found it in multiple human remains from Öland, an island off the east coast of Sweden with a long history of trade. Smallpox is an extremely contagious and deadly virus for which there is no known cure.

Unfortunately, this global eradication campaign suffered from lack of funds, personnel, and commitment from countries, as well as a shortage of vaccine donations. Firle: Caliban Books.The eradication of smallpox is therefore a major success story for global health for several reasons: it was a disease that was endemic (and caused high mortality rates) across all continents; but was also crucial to advances in the field of immunology.

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