The idea of public rather than for-profit broadcasting is deeply ingrained, so when France’s Socialist government announced massive cuts in public funding last year – from €292m (£203m) in 2014 to €29m in 2017 – it caused outrage.From January the last of these is being removed from the remit, to distinguish NOS’s output from the commercial channels. The state also holds stakes in certain private broadcasters such as TV5 Monde, Euronews and owns 50% of satellite channel Arte.Another federal funding organisation, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) contributes at the individual programme level. It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of public service radio stations. In 2012 about 155,000 people were convicted and fined for not paying.What happens to your body in extreme heat?Since the beginning of 2013, German households have had to pay a monthly broadcasting licence fee of almost 18 euros (£15) - 215 euros (£179) a year - regardless of whether they own a television or radio.The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sitesThe plan was to collect an annual fee, 10,000 shillings (£2.38), from each household with a TV set.Meanwhile, last month, the BBC rejected calls to introduce a voluntary subscription fee for its services.It would apply to all households and businesses, with certain exceptions, regardless of the device they use to access content.Looking ahead towards the year 2020, Mr Westcott doesn't expect traditional TV watching to disappear.Under 18s or those with an income below € 7,353 (£6,152) pay nothing. There are also 13 regional broadcasting networks that receive state funding.The 21 broadcasters are being reduced to eight through mergers and abolitions, and those that remain will pool their budgets to create a “single, strong broadcasting network” with a distinct identity. The government is considering licence fee rises, more advertising and making licences obligatory for computer owners.Although the Netherlands spends less per capita on broadcasting than almost any other European country, in 2010 the government announced measures to slash the annual subsidy by €200m, or about 22.5% of its €891m budget. It's a fairly safe prediction that in five years that will still be the case. The other main line of reform has been to simplify the Netherlands’ byzantine structure of broadcasting organisations, a legacy of the days when Dutch society was divided into denominational groups.Since 2013, Germans pay a per-household flat fee of €17.98 per month for all electronic devices, known as the Rundfunkbeitrag or “broadcast contribution”. The idea of public rather than for-profit broadcasting is … As recently as July 2014 Arizona representative Matt Salmon was still complaining about photographer Andres Serrano’s NEA-funded Piss Christ, which was first denounced by the late Jesse Helms 25 years earlier.The annual revenue from licence fees is approximately €7.6bn, with an additional €500m raised from commercials, giving Germany one of the largest public broadcasting budgets in the world. The most successful programme is weekly crime drama series Tatort (Scene of the Crime) which is set in a different federal state every Sunday evening.
Public funding amounts to 0.25% of GDP (compared with 0.36% in the UK). Companies pay according to the number of employees they have, but every company, whether a bakery or a hair salon, is obliged to pay.There are several 100% state-funded TV stations under the umbrella France Télévisions: France 2 – national; France 3 – national/regional; France 5 – society/culture/education; France Ô - overseas; France 4 – children’s/factual/drama; France 24 – equivalent of BBC World, and radio stations that come under Radio France. Radio and television in France are considered public services even when provided by private companies. Public service broadcasting can be seen as a broadcasting service which has as its focus, the needs of the people, listeners and viewers. Often, politicians and businesses giving that money on a per-project or annual basis will ask them to prove they’re creating worthwhile programming.Dutch media law requires the state broadcaster, NOS, to provide a diverse output across four areas: information, culture, education and entertainment.Radio and television in France are considered public services even when provided by private companies. These services can be free from excessive commercial, political or other special interest pressures on content and should be of a high ethical standard (fairness, accuracy, integrity, credibility etc.).

(Advertising income brings in another €200m a year.) A predominance of news and political chatshows are hosted by the public channels, but quality is rarely said to match the BBC, which is often held up as the role model for German broadcasters.

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